Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

Depolymerization of Waste PET with Phosphoric Acid–Modified Silica Gel Under Microwave Irradiation

Chemical recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using phosphoric acid–modified silica gel as a solid catalyst is reported. Advantageously, microwave irradiation was used to progress the depolymerization of PET. In this study, depolymerization of PET with a small amount of water is suggested as a suitable method. The depolymerized product, terephthalic acid was obtained and assigned by ¹H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Finally, over 90 % conversion to terephthalic acid was achieved when waste plastic bottles were treated with the method. This results confirm the importance of the microwave power technique as a promising recycling method for plastic bottles made from PET, resulting in monomer recovery in addition to substantial energy saving.     

Effects of dietary habits and CYP1A1 polymorphisms on blood dioxin concentrations in Japanese men

The major source of dioxin impurities in Japan in the past was agrochemical formulations; more recently, it has been exhaust from waste incinerators. To examine the environmental and genetic factors that influence blood dioxin concentration, we investigated the relationship among dioxin concentrations, dietary habits and cytochorome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) polymorphisms (MspI type and Ile-Val type) in Japanese fishermen and farmers, including also a group of office workers as controls. The mean dioxin concentrations in the fishermen, the farmers and the controls were 161369, 79079 and 100500 pg/g fat, respectively. The elevated dioxin concentration with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and coplanar-PCBs found in the fishermen may be due to the frequent consumption of fish; no such relationship was found both in the farmers and the controls. We found that the concentrations of congeners found as impurities in certain chemicals such as those previously used in agriculture showed no significant differences among the three groups; we consider it unlikely that the farmers would be directly exposed to dioxins from such chemicals. Thus, it is probable that the primary route of dioxin exposure in the Japanese population is through the food chain via fish consumption, regardless of occupation. No meaningful relationship between blood dioxin concentration and CYP1A1 polymorphisms was found in this study, although there was a significant difference between the concentration of total non-ortho-PCBs in genotypes A and B. Further studies on more subjects, including those of genotype C, are needed to confirm the relationship between blood dioxin concentrations and MspI polymorphisms.     

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls, and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in Japanese flounder, with reference to the relationship between body length and concentration

The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho PCBs), and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, body length 10.4-36.6 cm) collected from Sendai Bay, Japan, were determined using high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relationship between the concentrations of these compounds (dioxins) and the body length of the Japanese flounder was examined. The total PCDD and total PCDF concentrations did not correlate with body length (both r(2) < 0.1, both p > 0.05), whereas the total non-ortho PCB and total mono-ortho PCB (coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, Co-PCBs) concentrations were significantly correlated (r(2)= 0.8, p < 0.05 and r(2)= 0.63, p < 0.05, respectively). The bioaccumulation properties of PCDD/Fs in Japanese flounder differed from those of Co-PCBs. Toxicity equivalency quotient (TEQ) values derived from the Co-PCBs made up 46.3%-63.7% of the total TEQ value for all the dioxins. Although the concentrations of non-ortho PCBs were lower than those of mono-ortho PCBs, the TEQ value for non-ortho PCBs was higher than that for mono-ortho PCBs. The TEQ value for non-ortho PCBs increased more with increasing body length than did the values for PCDDs, PCDFs, and mono-ortho PCBs. These results show that from the standpoint of risk management, non-ortho Co-PCBs are the most important of the dioxins in Japanese flounder.     

Degradation of a Terephthalate-containing Polyester by Thermophilic Actinomycetes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Species Derived from Composts

We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax^® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax^®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax^® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax^®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax^® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax^® products.     

Different uses of plant semiochemicals in host location strategies of the two tachinid parasitoids

Some members of the family Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) deposit numerous very small eggs, termed “microtype” eggs, on the food plants of their caterpillar hosts. Parasitization is successful only when the hosts ingest these eggs. To increase the chance of hosts encountering the eggs, microtype tachinid parasitoids have to choose a suitable plant that harbors hosts and lay their eggs near the hosts. In their host location process, semiochemicals emitted by host-infested plants offer the tachinids a reliable cue. We investigated the behavioral responses of two microtype tachinid parasitoids, Pales pavida and Zenillia dolosa, to maize plants infested with their caterpillar host, Mythimna separata, in a wind tunnel. P. pavida females showed a significantly higher rate of landing on caterpillar-infested plants than on mechanically wounded or intact plants, whereas Z. dolosa landed on both the caterpillar-infested and mechanically wounded plants at significantly higher rates than on intact plants. We also examined which part of a caterpillar-infested maize leaf induces oviposition. P. pavida deposited eggs on the margin of the leaf, whereas Z. dolosa preferentially laid eggs around a caterpillar-infested area or a mechanically wounded spot. P. pavida eggs retained their parasitization ability for more than 15?days after they were deposited, whereas the eggs of Z. dolosa could not survive more than 5?days after oviposition. Our results suggest that each tachinid parasitoid employs a different host location strategy to exploit semiochemicals coming from plant–herbivore interaction as cues in order to increase their parasitization success.     

Photodegradation fates of cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, and heptachlor in ethanol

cis-Chlordane, trans-chlordane, and heptachlor were photodegraded in ethanol, and their degradation fates and degradation products were determined by a computational chemical method. The most degradable material was heptachlor (first-order reaction constant k=0.13 min(-1)). Chlorine balances changed during UV irradiation, and the chlorine atoms in chlordane and heptachlor were eventually mineralized. cis-Chlordane, trans-chlordane and heptachlor each generated two di-dechlorinated products. Reactivities at various positions in these compounds were predicted on the basis of bond dissociation energies calculated by nonempirical molecular orbital calculation (Gaussian 98W).     

Environmental concern, attitude toward frugality, and ease of behavior as determinants of pro-environmental behavior intentions

This study investigates relations between environmental concern, attitude toward frugality, perceived ease of behavior, and stated intentions to engage in four different types of pro-environmental behavior, i.e., reductions in electricity and gas use, garbage, and automobile use, using data from 341 Japanese respondents. Environmental concern, attitude toward frugality and perceived ease of implementation were considered possible determinants. A structural equation analysis indicated that perceived ease of implementation had effects for all of the pro-environmental behaviors. It also indicated that environmental concern had a positive effect solely for garbage reduction, while attitude toward frugality had positive effects for gas and electricity reduction. For automobile use reduction, neither environmental concern nor attitude toward frugality had significant effects. The relationship between attitude toward frugality and mottainai, that is a Japanese concept indicating respect for resources, is then discussed, and it is suggested that educating people to have not only a high level of environmental concern but also a positive attitude toward frugality would be an effective means of promoting pro-environmental behavior.